Proper management plans are seen as prerequisites for the development of management strategies that can also include carbon-related objectives (IPCC, 2007). Planting, seeding or the promotion of natural seed sources leads to increases in biomass, dead organic matter carbon pools, and soil carbon pools (Paul et al., 2003). However, the IPCC also notes that there are exceptions in the form of regional successes. Free learning resources for students covering all major areas of biology. Interactions between the forest sector and other use sectors complicate forest sector management options for mitigation. Other benefits of adopting a more sustainable forest management are considered the primary driver of this shift, instead of the increase of carbon stocks. The harvesting of afforested lands in a sustainable pattern lead to transfer of forest biomass carbon into wood products that store carbon for years to many decades. However, while complete protection of forest from all harvest typically results in maintained or increased forest carbon stocks it does exclude the wood and land supply to meet other societal needs. Out of that understanding has come the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility. For the remainder of this description afforestation is used to imply either afforestation or reforestation. A carbon offset is a reduction in emissions of carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gases made in order to compensate for emissions made elsewhere. On the long term, the IPCC states that a sustainable forest management strategy aimed at maintaining or increasing forest carbon stocks while producing an annual and sustained yield of timber, fibre or energy from the forest will generate the largest sustained mitigation benefits (IPCC, 2007).Key to determining the potential of REDD+ are the assumptions of future deforestation rates. Dudek et al., (2002) note that climate mitigation policies may have benefits that go beyond global climate protection and actually accrue at the local level. When used to displace fossil fuels, wood fuel can be  used to provide sutained carbon benefits and constitutes a large mitigation option.Other wood products can be used to displacce fossil-fuel intensive construction materials such as concrete,steel, aluminium and plastics. Figure 7 outlines several non-wood forest products.Figure 7: Estimated value of Non-wood forest product removals in millions of dollars by category and region in 2005. n.s.= not significant. Soares-Filo et al. The cost of forest mitigation projects rises significantly when opportunity costs of land are taken into account (VanKooten et al., 2004).

For instance, on the short term, Jung (2005) estimates that the vast majority, up to 93 %, of total mitigation potential in the tropics corresponds to avoided deforestation. While carbon sequestration has been rarely the primary driver of afforestation, future changes in carbon valuation could result in large increases in the rates of afforestation (US EPA, 2005) Carbon valuation can occur in a variety of ways, one of which is increased inclusion of forest carbon sinks into emission trading schemes. REDD+ is a climate change mitigation solution being developed by Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), that incentivizes developing countries to keep their forests standing. The potential of REDD+ is elevated due to substantive environmental and other benefits that are characteristic of REDD+ such as biodiversity conservation and preservation and conservation of the forest's social functions.

The IPCC concludes that avoided deforestation, afforestation and sustainable forest management practices have large positive implications for sustainable development.Table 1 is derived from the IPCC report and provides a summary of several benefits, as well as several negative outcomes of forest management for mitigation.Figure 5: Sustainable development implications. Avoided deforestation results in the protection of wildlife habitats, and thus protecting the species that occupy that habitat from habitat destruction. The non-carbon benefits of afforestation, such as reduction in erosion or non-consumptive use of forests, however, can more than off-set afforestation cost (Richards and Stokes, 2004).Currently, 19 Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects related to afforestation/reforestation have been registered with an additional two projects requesting registration. Currently, there appears to be a consensus that the issue of deforestation and forest degradation must be effectively tackled as it would otherwise limit the options available to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, greenhouse gas concentrations and increases in temperature to acceptable levels. For example, halting all forest harvest for wood would increase forest carbon stocks as the harvesting pressure on forests is removed. Figure 4: Forest sector mitigation strategies need to be assessed with regard to their impacts on carbon storage in forest ecosystems on sustainable harvest rates and on net GHG emissions across all sectors. There is a definition under LULUCF which I’m sure you would agree is hopeless. Figure 2: Estimates of forest area, net changes in forest area (negative numbers indicating decrease), carbon stock in living biomass, and growing stock in 1990, 2000, and 2005. These assumptions vary greatly across studies. Avoiding deforestation and afforestation lead to enhanced biodiversity conservation. 3. The video below outlines a project to address deforestation.Figure 1: Annual change in forest area by region, 1990–2010 Source: FAO, 2010 Over a fifty year period, this could mean a net cumulative gain of 278.000 MtCO2 relative to the baseline and 422 million additional hectares in forests. However, the IPCC outlines that all the studies state that future deforestation is estimated to remain high in the tropics in the short and medium term (IPCC, 2007). Afforestation activities can increase the connectivity of forests, for instance adjacent to nature reserves, and therefore increase the mobility options for species through habitat expansion. While protection of forests leads to protection of the environment there are certain basic problems that remain in the evaluation of the contribution of REDD+ (IPCC, 2007).

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