Published methods for right atrial volume include the modified Simpson’s method, the biplane area-length method and 3D-modeling [Generally the right atrial appendage is included in the right atrial volume while the inferior and superior vena cava are excluded [The maximal right atrial volume is achieved during ventricular systole and can be defined as last cine image before opening of the tricuspid valve. 2000;214:453–66.Augustine D, Lewandowski AJ, Lazdam M, Rai A, Francis J, Myerson S, et al.

Ventricular volumes also vary by gender [Normal values published in studies based on older gradient echo sequences are not comparable to current SSFP techniques [In the studies of Robbers-Visser et al. $$ \mathrm{z}\hbox{-} \mathrm{score} = \left(\mathrm{measured}\ \mathrm{D}\ \hbox{--}\ \mathrm{predicted}\ \mathrm{D}\right)/\mathrm{S}\mathrm{D}\ \mathrm{of}\ \mathrm{residuals} $$ Circulation. Measuring aortic diameter with different MR techniques: comparison of three-dimensional (3D) navigated steady-state free-precession (SSFP), 3D contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE-MRA), 2D T2 black blood, and 2D cine SSFP. Characterization of normal regional myocardial function by MRI cardiac tagging. Dedicated 3D-modeling software has also been used [Left atrial longitudinal and transverse diameters and area have been measured on 2, 3, and 4 chamber cine SSFP images [Generally the left atrial appendage is included as part of the left atrial volume while the pulmonary veins are excluded [The maximal left atrial volume is achieved during ventricular systole. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. Diabetes Care. Finally, the studies in Table In addition to ejection fraction, Maceira et al. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes I, Complications Research G: Aortic distensibility in type 1 diabetes. 1994;90:854–67.Castillo E, Osman NF, Rosen BD, El-Shehaby I, Pan L, Jerosch-Herold M, et al. 2009;11:19.Helbing WA, Rebergen SA, Maliepaard C, Hansen B, Ottenkamp J, Reiber JH, et al. Normal right- and left ventricular volumes and myocardial mass in children measured by steady state free precession cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Gender differences and normal left ventricular anatomy in an adult population free of hypertension. The minimal left atrial volume can be defined as first cine image after closure of the tricuspid valve.Maceira et al. have provided additional functional parameters that may be useful in some settings [For measurement of right ventricular volumes a stack of cine SSFP images acquired either horizontally or in short axis view can be used [Similar to the left ventricle, analysis of the right ventricle is usually performed on a per slice basis by manual contouring of the endocardial and epicardial borders. Measurement of aortic arch pulse wave velocity in cardiovascular MR: comparison of transit time estimators and description of a new approach. J Am Coll Cardiol.

1993;87:1239–48.Myerson SG. Influence of age and sex on aortic distensibility assessed by MRI in healthy subjects. 2010;3:65–76.Buechel EV, Kaiser T, Jackson C, Schmitz A, Kellenberger CJ. Steady-state free precession (SSFP) technique yields significantly improved blood-myocardium contrast compared to conventional fast gradient echo (FGRE). 2008;10:36.Caudron J, Fares J, Bauer F, Dacher JN. Cardiac strain can be reported as three normal strains (circumferential, radial, and longitudinal) and six shear strains—the angular change between two originally mutually orthogonal line elements, with the more clinically investigated shear strain in the circumferential-longitudinal shear strain (also known as torsion).There are a number of different methods to quantify strain: registration methods, feature-based tracking methods, deformable models, Gabor Filter Banks, optic flow methods, harmonic phase analysis (HARP) [Strain patterns are reported according to the 16 and 17 segment model of the American College of Echocardiology. 2012;14:90.Pennell DJ.


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